"Modeling of intelligence"

• Introduction
• Interiorisation
• Information formalization from external world.
• Organization of information in model.
• Functions of interiorization.
• Algorithm of interaction with external world
• Motivation sphere
• Activity sources
• Will
• Postulate "directly"
• Senses (feeling) and a emotions
• Exteriorisation
• Conclusion
• References

In the first time an aim of this work was to find out an answer for the question - how a person thinks? This question has interested in all times for many scientists. However the real result in the researches was small. Moreover for example Rene Decart has considered - "Way of thinking is the cause oneself and in that is a essence" (he has considered - way of thinking is unknowable) [1]. Spinoza took this as an undoubtedly affirmation [2]. When electronic computer was created a new method of researches was created.

In the process of this work the research area was changed. The area became more wide. The question of research was changed so. How person thinks, wishes, feels, etc...? Shortly speaking - what is in the ground for intelligence?

A certain influence on this work rendered a book Hubert Dreyfus "What computers can't do. A critique of artificial reason" [3]. While the book was being read the sense of contradiction was arising. A search of opposite arguments was beginning. The work on this way leads to comprehension - the area of researches must be restricted. Among conceptions which were concreted the place of research (soul, consciousness, essence, ...) the consciousness was selected. This was because the consciousness was being discussed in psychology very circumstantially. A. S. Vigodsky told "Psychology defined itself as science of consciousness." [4]. Papers [5] and [6] have given comprehension such interesting properties of consciousness as following. First - consciousness be able to exist only in world (among other objects). Second - the consciousness be able to distinguish oneself among other objects of world. The most full list compositions (parts) the consciousness was found out in the paper [7]. Next list of parts the consciousness was extracted from several works in the psychology.

1. A indissoluble tie exists between consciousness and external world.
2. Image exists from external world in memory of consciousness. In this aspect the psychology examines next - a feeling, perceptions, memory, imagination, the way of thinking, ...
3. Distinction exists between own ego (own "I") and other objects of the world.
4. Aims for activity exist. One from functions of consciousness is to form the aims. This aspect contains motivation sphere and Will actions.
5. The relations of essence exist towards objects of external word. This aspect contains feelings, emotions, ...
6. The influence exists from the consciousness to the external world. In this aspect the inside activity transfers to the external world.

The analysis of these aspects was carried out in the paper [8].

A. Bloom has book "Brain, Mind and Behavior." [9]. Notwithstanding that this book examines the brain mechanisms from biological point of view - Having read this book and also Vigodsky's works [4] and also a A. Lurier's works [19] leads to thought that consciousness can be examined as a set of mechanisms. This mechanisms have connections between ones. The area of work is information for this mechanisms.

According to this point of view on the work the aim of work was modified as follows. Let's find out the set of algorithms and variety organization of information for modeling of consciousness. The set of mechanisms must be minimal but sufficient.

The main distinguishment of this work (work which offering yours attention) from another researches in field of research consciousness consist in a full set of mechanisms are offered in this work. This set models the consciousness in boundaries of definition given above. This set of mechanisms may be present as a set of algorithms. In other words - each from this mechanisms may be present as a list of performing steps. These steps can be executed in electronic computer.

The general functionating of consciousness may be represented as joint work next parts.

1. Interiorisation.
2. A algorithm for interaction between the model and external world. This algorithm unites all mechanisms of interiorisation and exteriorisation. The algorithm includes - passing of solutions. It has connection with a motivation sphere.
3. Exteriorisation.

A term - interiorisation was fruitfully used from the point of its arising. This term allowed to pick out and to examine in a separate area number of questions which is related towards acceptance of external world and imaging of external world in representation for own consciousness. Constructive approach this work allows to divide interiorisation in to next parts.

1. Information formalization exists from external world.
2. Organization of information exists in model of consciousness.
3. Functions of interiorisation exists.

What contains information formalization from external world? The goal of formalization is represented information from external world in to the variety which is convenient for mechanisms of model. So for the first case - a quantity of canals for interaction with external world must be reduced until one canal. We will be to construct the model of consciousness only with verbal canal interaction with external world. Sufficiency only this canal for interaction with external world is not certain. However I should like to cite the opinion remarkable linguist A. A. Potebner "Language means not only to express ready thought but it also means to create thoughts" [10]. In the future the quantity of canals of interaction with external world will be increased. In the paper [11] was shown that all canals of interaction with external world can have united variety organization of the information.

Next conceptions were useful for understanding the way of formalization. Ferdinand de Sossur showed the necessity to distinguish language and speech. The language is a set of means for interaction and speech is a action for exchanging information. Our speech is the action of exchange of information with the help of our language [12]. Words are signs - Pragsky linguistic club underlined it. The words are as signs - N. V. Krushevsky told early [13].

Sentences of natural language are used for exchanging between the model and external world. It is because the verbal canal take place for model.

Much variety of information contains external world. Any part of this information can be represented in two kinds.

1. Object.
2. Relation.

Any situation may be represented in borders of these two kinds. Note. Relations have two kinds. First. Relations exist between objects. Second. Relations exist between relations. Relations between objects we can to interpret as facts and affirmations. Affirmations is set of facts here. Relations between relations is dependence between facts or affirmations. Relations between relations must be also divided in to two kinds. First. There exist direct (unilateral) dependences - this is causal dependences. Second. There are indirect dependences - this is adequacy (equality, identically, ...) dependences.

Speech we can to consider as a set of affirmations. Every (each) affirmation contain one or few sentences. Every sentence contains one or few facts. In every sentence may be picked out one or few words which is signs for objects of external world. Also we can pick out the relations between these objects. The elementary relation (fact) is a pair of words which are connected by a question (the question exists between words of pair as a connection(a connector)). Every sentence of speech may be divided in to these pairs. The set of pairs which has not rupture is a fact. The set of the facts which contains common object is an affirmation.

In general. Fact is the set of elementary facts (words pairs) which are connected by &. Affirmation is the set of facts which are connected by &. The references are made for words which described each separate object from the external world. This references separates one object from others in the set of affirmation.

The last important element of formalization exists. The words are picked out from sentences of speech which described connections between facts or affirmations. These words do not belong towards pairs (elementary facts). The example for these words is - because, in order to, ... Temporal relations is one from variety of causal relations. This relations are picked out from information of external world when repetitions take place.

Information organization depends from formalization. Next organization is convenient for a model.

The ground of organization is a composition of an information stream from the external world and the information stream from model to the external world. This common stream of information we can sign (fix) as "thread". In the "thread" the objects must be separates. Object "I" (ego) is one from the objects of the world. Each object contains references on all facts where it has presence.

There is a box of information. This box contains notions which described all words of a language. This information is needed for the connection of the pairs of words from sentences. This box is the language tools.

First level above "thread"

The first level contains notions which generalizes (summarizes) facts and affirmations from "thread". What is to generalize? The generalizes contain crossing facts and affirmations from the external world information. The generalizes contain statistics in facts. The objects in the generalize are variables. These objects are not be concretize. The generalizes have many references on the "thread" objects.

Second level above "thread"

The notions in this level contain information about relations between facts and affirmations. These relations changes in the life process of model. This notions also have the generalizes in the process life. This generalizes have accumulations of the knowledge about causal relations in the external world.

Third level above "thread"

The notions in this level contain a estimations mosaic for the facts, the affirmations, the relations and the generalizes. This estimations are made only for the information which was concrete for the objects.This estimations mosaic is motivation sphere of model. Organization description of this motivation sphere you may obtain in work [8].

This information organization was applied in programming product DEMO. This product was writen on the language - PROLOG. DEMO interacts with the external world on natural language (Russian). The language of interaction has not a restrictions (in principle). DEMO generalizes the first level (partly). We may ask DEMO questions (natural language). DEMO makes an answer using own generalizes. DEMO was created as prototype for the model of consciousness. DEMO description contains the paper [14].

What functions are included in to the interiorisation? A few important functions are described below. The description others the functions of interiorisation may be obtained from [11], [8], [14].

Main functions of interiorisation.
1. Receiving information from the external world.
2. Forming first, second and third levels of knowledges in model (above "thread").
3. Modification of the generalizes in model (in the life process).
4. Extracting the questions from the external world information and forming the questions from the mechanisms of model (in process their work).
5. Forming estimations for facts, affirmations and causal relations. Modifying this estimations.

This mechanisms make a preparation of information from the external world. But Imaging process (the outside information is representated in the inside one) executes the mechanism which creates forecast for the external world situations. This process is transfering external image of situation in to the internal image.

All mechanisms interiorisation and exteriorisation take place in this algorithm. Mechanism which creates the forecast also in this algorithm exist. This mechanism performs the work for interiorisation and also for the exteriorisation. This algorithm contains next steps.

1. The model receives next part of information from the external world. This information is a development of situation in external world. In this step - interiorisation mechanisms execute works.
2. The model builds the set of forecasts for all objects from the current situation. Among the objects - object "I" exists. This object is own Ego of model. The model builds the forecast on a basis information which was received from external world. The model uses the knowledges of causal relations (first and second level in the model) for forecast.
3. The model performs the choice from forecast tree. Knowledges of estimations (third level in the model) is using for executing this choice. The selecting branch of the tree satisfys motivation sphere of model in high degree. This branch has maximum integral estimation among others branches. This branch of forecast may to consider as "DESIRE" of the model. The way of development of situation in this branch is the desire for model.
4. The model performs own actions according to chosen branch of the forecast. This is the attempt to lead external world in a conformity with chosen branch of the the forecast. In this step - exteriorisation mechanisms execute work.
5. pass on step 1.

Examination of this algorithm was given in paper [8].

A few words about estimations which are appropriated to the facts, the affirmations and causal relations. This estimations were formed from point of view of a model. This estimations have concrete meanings of numerals. Not all facts, affirmations and causal relations have these estimations. The generalizes have this estimations more than "thread".

There is a simple way to form this estimations mosaic in the knowledges of the model. On this way a programmer (person) from a hand includes the estimations in the model. However there is also and a natural way to form this estimations. The description the natural way you may find in the work [8].

This mosaic of estimations we may to interpret as a motivation sphere from point of view of psychology. This mosaic and situation in external world do determination of desires in the model and therefore determines his actions. Each branch of the forecast (with estimations in the branch) we may interpret as the tendency. Each estimation from mosaic (in the branch) we may interpret as the motive.

The concept of activity is one from important concepts in psychology. A few bright works which belong to Frade have this topic. What is in a basis (in a ground) of activity? In the psychology is considered that source of activity is a requirements. This requirements usually is considering as materialistic. Frade underlined this moment. Also there is considered that requirements have connection with motivation sphere and have connection with involves, desires, ... How to include materialistic requirements in the model? How materialistic requirements may to influence on model?

We may suppose that model has own body. We may suppose that receptor of leg joint sent to consciousness a signal - the oil is dry up. The knowledge of model have the causal relations - what may to happen when it take place. Results of states of a model's body (his parts) have estimations in the motivation sphere of model (in this case the high negative meaning). When (in that moments) the forecast is building then this signals (from receptors) is including in the forecast. When choosing take place - then that branch of the forecast will be preference which contain actions for avoid accident. Integral estimations othere branchs have more low meaning.

This example has to lie outside from verbal canal interaction. But it helps us to understand - why person strives to satisfy own requirements. We may to consider every fact as requirement if fact has estimation. In this point we came to interesting place. We can see (in model) - how soul requirements are arising. Most estimations which take place in forecast are arising outside materialistic requirements. The sources of this estimations is facts and knowledges of relations in model.

This is second (secondary) level sources of activity. This level unite materialistic and soul requirements.

A few words about Will. Perfectly next sentences is true. If a being (essence) has own desires and can to influence on external world then this being has own Will. The desires of the model is not constant. The desires of the model do not impose from another being. The desires of the model is the result of the situation in external world. Also the desires depend from own motivation sphere. Therefore we can examine a problem "freedom of Will". The examination of this problem you can find in [15].

The model of consciousness allows to solve a problem which was called as postulate of directly. D. Uznadze defined this problem as " ... Objective reality influence on a psyche directly and at once. This direction defines actions". D. Uznadze understood necessity to introduce gap level between external world and own person actions. For overcoming this problem D. Uznadze has intended idea - "link gap" ("level gap"). This gap is "course of action" or best to say "Set" [16]. The best definition "Set" was founded in [17]. The "Set" is a tendency to move in order to which was defined. Also "Set" is be ready to do the actions after the patterns.

Looking on this definition. The chosen branch of forecast (in model of consciousness) very satisfys the above definition. This branch we may to consider as "Set". Few researchs indicate that "Set" is not steady. "Set" depends from little changing of situation as in external world so in internal world. Also "Set" depends from time (life of model). This properties may to be well explained if we will be to examine the chosen branchs of forecasts.

Requirements in model have not hard connection with actions of model. We may examine next case. Suppose. In the model was arose any materialistic requirement. However we may suppose such case when chosen branch of forecast is opposite for satisfaction this requirement. This chosen branch has high integral estimation instead branch with satisfaction requirment. It is be happen when saul requirement conquer (bigger than) materialistic requirement. Sometimes this appearance we may watch among human persons.

What are senses and what are emotions? The senses are relations of a person to the appearances from the external world [18]. How these relations are expressed? The answer to the question is as follows. These relations are expressed in estimations for facts and relations which exist in this appearance. It is difficult not to agrees to this answer.

Remember - what are desires? In general - desires are expressing in estimations of forecast. For senses - next hypothesis takes place. Senses are estimations for already done situations. After this interpretation we may state that desires and sense is appearance of united plan (one plan). For arising the senses and the desires - common mechanisms is using. Desires are estimations of the future. Senses is a result of estimations of the past. This definition is related to signaling function of senses. We can introduce a regulating function of senses so. We can include the signals from senses to the forecast of situation which is developing in world. However in this case the world is not only external. This world is union external and internal world (internal for model). This is third source of informations for forecast. Remember this sources.

1. Information from external world (verbal canal interaction).
2. Signals from sensor receptors (from all body's parts of model).
3. Signals from "signal function" of senses (from senses which is arising in model).

For accelerating of reactions on the same events external world - signals from regulating function of senses can be sent (besides forecast) to executive mechanisms parts of body directly. The way from sense over forecast to executive mechanisms is slow but universal. The way from senses directly to executive mechanisms of body is reflex reactions on senses. This reactions may be interpreted as emotions.

Model oneself can form such reactions as summarizes (generalizes) of repetitions for own actions from many already done forecasts.

The goal of exteriorisation is to transfer inside intellectual actions to outside (to external world) [18]. For this work - the definition of exteriorisation must be a little complemented and extended. In framework of this work we must understand the exteriorisation so - inside intellectual actions (own actions in chosen branch of forecast) transfers to outside. However outside here is not only external world but also internal world of model.

Toward exteriorisation we must carry such actions of model which take place in the forecast for situation (own actions of model). This actions we may consider as a plane for own actions of model in situation. This actions have causal relations (towards and from the model) with certain facts and affirmations in knowledges of model. It helps the model to include this actions in the forecast. Actions we can to divide so.

1. Actions for executing physical influences.
2. Actions for work with information (ask questions, answer on questions, find out information, ...).

In first variant of model - a minimum quantity of functions for exteriorisation can be used. First - we have to examine only actions for work with information. Second - the quantity of own actions we can restrict only one mechanism. It is enough for first variant.

This mechanism must to form questions from external world and must to form questions from mechanisms of model.

Also this mechanism can find answers on the questions. The answers are being find out on basis of knowledges of model. A prototype of this mechanism exists in programming product DEMO. Description of DEMO you may find out in the paper [14].

The answers on the questions which were found (in the model) may be sent in two places. The answers on the questions from external world usually are sent to the external world. The answers on the questions from own mechanisms usually are sent in (over) the verbal canal to the forecast. Solution (in what place to send an answer) is obtained from the chosen branch of the forecast. The answer which was sent to the forecast may become a cause to build next step of the forecast. New questions (perhaps) are arisen in the forecast and so away (on)... The above described mechanism may be nominated as a way of consciousness's thinking. In the psychology this way is called as discourse thinking [18].

A few words about possible using this work. This work opens a way - a really intelligence machines can be created. However more interesting and important way developing of the work is to open possibility to create inhabited virtual worlds. The small part of this problem was described in the paper [15].

K. K. Danilov.

Translation assistant Yellena Volodina.

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